Submarines have a way of making people curious. How do they see above the water while staying hidden below? The answer lies in a simple yet brilliant tool— the periscope. While it may seem like something straight out of a spy movie, the concept behind it is surprisingly easy to understand.

The Basics of a Submarine Periscope

At its core, a periscope is just a tube with mirrors or prisms inside. When light enters from the top, it bounces off these mirrors and travels down to the viewer’s eye. This allows someone inside a submarine to see what’s happening on the surface without exposing themselves.

The idea isn’t new. Periscopes have been around for over a hundred years. Early designs were simple, like the periscopes kids make from cardboard boxes and tiny mirrors. However, technology has improved, giving submarines a more precise and accurate view of the world above.

The Time I Made a DIY Periscope

As a kid, I remember being fascinated by submarines. One summer, my older brother and I built our periscope. We used an empty wrapping paper tube and two small mirrors. It was far from perfect, but when I peeked through the bottom, I could see over our backyard fence!

That small experiment helped me understand the magic behind periscopes. It was a simple trick of light, yet it made me feel like a secret agent. In many ways, submariners experience the same thrill every time they use a periscope to scan the ocean’s surface.

How Light Makes It Work

A submarine periscope typically uses two mirrors set at a 45-degree angle. When light from the outside world hits the top mirror, it bounces down to the second mirror, reflecting it into the viewer’s eye.

Modern periscopes take this idea further by using prisms instead of mirrors. Prisms can bend light more effectively, creating a sharper and brighter image. Some periscopes even have zoom functions, cameras, and night vision to help submariners see in different conditions.

The Role of Periscopes in Naval Missions

During World War II, periscopes were critical for submarines conducting stealth missions. Imagine a submarine patrolling enemy waters, needing to check for ships without being noticed. The periscope allowed them to quickly look, gather information, and decide their next move without surfacing.

Even today, modern submarines rely on advanced periscopes, now called photonics masts. These high-tech versions use digital cameras and fiber optics instead of traditional mirrors, giving a more precise and detailed image.

The Future of Periscopes

While the classic periscope design still exists, many submarines are advancing periscope technology. Instead of a long tube from the submarine, cameras and sensors send real-time images to screens inside. This allows for more flexibility and better accuracy in gathering information.

Still, the basic principle remains the same—using reflections to see beyond a hidden space. Whether in an old-school cardboard tube or a high-tech naval vessel, the periscope remains one of the most ingenious inventions in optical technology.

Try It Yourself: Build a Simple Periscope

Materials Needed

A long cardboard tube, like one from wrapping paper, is a great starting point. Two small mirrors will help reflect light inside the tube. You will also need tape or glue to hold everything in place. A ruler and a craft knife are helpful for cutting. Be sure to have adult supervision if needed.

Cut the Openings

Use the craft knife to cut two small openings near both ends of the tube. These openings should be big enough to allow light to enter and reflect properly. Make sure they are aligned to help the mirrors function effectively.

Position the Mirrors

Place the two small mirrors inside the tube at a 45-degree angle. These angles ensure that light from the top will reflect down to the viewer’s eye. Adjust them carefully before securing them.

Secure the Mirrors

Use tape or glue to hold the mirrors firmly in place once the mirrors are correctly positioned. Check to ensure they don’t move, as stability is key to getting a clear reflection. A loose mirror will make the periscope challenging to use.

Test Your Periscope

Look through the bottom opening and observe what you can see. You should be able to view objects from an elevated position. If necessary, adjust the mirrors slightly to improve clarity. Enjoy experimenting with your homemade periscope.

Submarine periscopes may not be as flashy as some modern technology, but their function remains crucial. Whether in wartime strategy or peaceful navigation, they have played a key role in underwater exploration. And for those of us fascinated by how things work, they offer a perfect example of how light and reflection can create a tool that has stood the test of time.

FAQs

1. Why do submarines need periscopes?

Submarines use periscopes to see above the water while staying hidden below. This helps them check for ships, navigate safely, and gather information without surfacing.

2. How does a periscope work?

A periscope uses mirrors or prisms to reflect light. Light enters from the top, bounces through the system, and reaches the viewer’s eye, allowing them to see above the water.

3. Do modern submarines still use periscopes?

Yes, but many now use digital periscopes called photonics masts. These use cameras and fiber optics instead of traditional mirrors, providing clearer images and more advanced features.

4. Can a periscope be used at night?

Yes! Modern periscopes have night vision and infrared technology, allowing submariners to see in low-light or dark conditions.

5. Can I make my own periscope at home?

Absolutely! A simple periscope can be made using a cardboard tube and two small mirrors. It’s a fun way to learn how light reflection works!