SYNTAX | āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ āĻ¨ | Discussion | Bangla | Example | āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž
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Syntax
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SYNTAX
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ āĻ¨
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻļ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ Sentence āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§; āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻāĻļāĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ Sentence āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ The sun rises in the east. He is a good boy. āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻā§āĻ Syntax āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻž Sentence-āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Nominative (āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Finite Verb(āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž :— He ran. āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ He, Nominative āĻāĻŦāĻ ran, Finite verb.
Rule 1. āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ Sentence-āĻ Nominative-āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° verb āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ Verb-āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Transitive(āĻ¸āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ) āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ verb - āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° Object(āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽ) āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ :— He slept. He loves me.
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨—
(i) Sentence(āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯)-āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ Interrogative āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ verb (āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž) āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ nominative (āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž) āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— Will you do this ?
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ Nominative-āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Interrogative Pronoun (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ) āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— Who is there?
(ii) Sentence-āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¤ verb-āĻāĻ° Imperative Mood āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ Nominative-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ verb āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— Go and tell him this.
(iii) Verb-āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Subjunctive Mood āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ Sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ ‘if’ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ verb āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ :- Had I been there.
(iv) āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ Sentence āĻāĻŋ There, Here āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨āĻ verb - āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ :- There is a man at the gate.
(v) āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ ‘Neither’ āĻŦāĻž ‘Nor’-āĻāĻ° āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ ‘āĻ¨āĻž’ (and not) āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻž verb āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨āĻ verb āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨- Nor was I satisfied.
(vi) Emphasis (āĻā§āĻ°) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ Verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— So furious was the man .
Rule 2. Nominative-āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ Number āĻ āĻ¯ā§ Person, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° verb -āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ Number āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨- He reads. We read.
Rule 3. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ Singular Nominative āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ And āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° Verb āĻ Pronoun-āĻāĻ° Plural number āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨- Ram and Hari are good boys, for they obey their parents.
‘The Magistrate and the Collector are here' āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻāĻ°, āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ ‘The Magistrate and Collector is here' āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§, Magistrate āĻ Collector āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Magistrate āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ Collector.
Rule 4. āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ Singular Nominative ‘Or’ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž ‘Nor’ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° Verb-āĻāĻŋ singular āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨- Ram or Har is wrong.
Note- Nominative āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ Person āĻšāĻāĻ˛ā§ Verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ Nominative āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻ Person āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ Verb-āĻāĻ° Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨- You or I am active.
Rule 5. āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Nominative-āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ Number āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻž āĻšāĻāĻ˛ā§ Verb- āĻāĻ° Plural number āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ Plural Nominative āĻāĻŋ Verb - āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— Neither property nor riches were injurious to him.
Rule 6. Noun-āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ Number, Gender āĻ Person āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻ Noun- āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯ā§ Pronoun āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ Number, Gender is Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— Ram has lost his books. Every tree is known by its fruit. .
Rule 7. ‘To be' Verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§ Case (āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ Case āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— I am he; I took Hari to be him.
Rule 8. Transitive Verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° Objective Case (āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— I love him. He loves me. He wishes to learn.
Note— āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§ Objective, Transitive verb āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ :—
(i) āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ Objective āĻāĻŋ Relative āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž Interrogative Pronoun āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— This is the book which I lost. Whom do you seek?
(ii) Emphasis (āĻā§āĻ°) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ Objective, Verb-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— Money you shall have.
Rule 9. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ Noun āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž Pronoun Conjunction āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° Case āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— He and I are happy. He or I am to blame.
Rule 10. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ Verb, Conjunction āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° Mood āĻ Tense āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— He reads and writes well. Strike but hear me.
Rule 11. āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ Adverb āĻ Conjunction āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ Adverb āĻŦāĻž Conjunction āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ :—
Either...or :— Either you or I must go there.
Neither...nor :— Neither he nor I am in fault.
Though...yet :— Though he is poor, yet he is honest.
Whether...or :—Whether he will accept this or not, I cannot tell.
As...as :— He is as good as you.
As...so :— As is the tree, so is the fruit.
So...as :— He is not so wise as his brother.
So... that :— I am so weak that I cannot walk.
Both...and :— He is both wise and honest.
Not only...but also :— He is not only rich but also honest.
No sooner...than :— No sooner did he come, than all the boys fled.
Scarcely before :— He had scarcely gone there when he was greeted by all.
Hardly when :— He had hardly gone there before he was greeted by all.
Rule 12. āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ word āĻ phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ Preposition āĻŦāĻ¸ā§|
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— He is accused of theft. I am angry with you.
SYNTAX | āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ āĻ¨ | Discussion | Bangla | Example | āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž
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Syntax
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SYNTAX
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ āĻ¨
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻļ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ Sentence āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§; āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻāĻļāĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ Sentence āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ The sun rises in the east. He is a good boy. āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻā§āĻ Syntax āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻž Sentence-āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Nominative (āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Finite Verb(āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž :— He ran. āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ He, Nominative āĻāĻŦāĻ ran, Finite verb.
Rule 1. āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ Sentence-āĻ Nominative-āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° verb āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ Verb-āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Transitive(āĻ¸āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ) āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ verb - āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° Object(āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽ) āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ :— He slept. He loves me.
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨—
(i) Sentence(āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯)-āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ Interrogative āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ verb (āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž) āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ nominative (āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž) āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— Will you do this ?
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ Nominative-āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Interrogative Pronoun (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ) āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— Who is there?
(ii) Sentence-āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¤ verb-āĻāĻ° Imperative Mood āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ Nominative-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ verb āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— Go and tell him this.
(iii) Verb-āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Subjunctive Mood āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ Sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ ‘if’ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ verb āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ :- Had I been there.
(iv) āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ Sentence āĻāĻŋ There, Here āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨āĻ verb - āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ :- There is a man at the gate.
(v) āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ ‘Neither’ āĻŦāĻž ‘Nor’-āĻāĻ° āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ ‘āĻ¨āĻž’ (and not) āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻž verb āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨āĻ verb āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨- Nor was I satisfied.
(vi) Emphasis (āĻā§āĻ°) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ Verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nominative āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— So furious was the man .
Rule 2. Nominative-āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ Number āĻ āĻ¯ā§ Person, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° verb -āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ Number āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨- He reads. We read.
Rule 3. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ Singular Nominative āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ And āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° Verb āĻ Pronoun-āĻāĻ° Plural number āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨- Ram and Hari are good boys, for they obey their parents.
‘The Magistrate and the Collector are here' āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻāĻ°, āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ ‘The Magistrate and Collector is here' āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§, Magistrate āĻ Collector āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Magistrate āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ Collector.
Rule 4. āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ Singular Nominative ‘Or’ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž ‘Nor’ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° Verb-āĻāĻŋ singular āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨- Ram or Har is wrong.
Note- Nominative āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ Person āĻšāĻāĻ˛ā§ Verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ Nominative āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻ Person āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ Verb-āĻāĻ° Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨- You or I am active.
Rule 5. āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Nominative-āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ Number āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻž āĻšāĻāĻ˛ā§ Verb- āĻāĻ° Plural number āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ Plural Nominative āĻāĻŋ Verb - āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— Neither property nor riches were injurious to him.
Rule 6. Noun-āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ Number, Gender āĻ Person āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻ Noun- āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯ā§ Pronoun āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ Number, Gender is Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— Ram has lost his books. Every tree is known by its fruit. .
Rule 7. ‘To be' Verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§ Case (āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ Case āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— I am he; I took Hari to be him.
Rule 8. Transitive Verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° Objective Case (āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— I love him. He loves me. He wishes to learn.
Note— āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§ Objective, Transitive verb āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ :—
(i) āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ Objective āĻāĻŋ Relative āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž Interrogative Pronoun āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— This is the book which I lost. Whom do you seek?
(ii) Emphasis (āĻā§āĻ°) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ Objective, Verb-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— Money you shall have.
Rule 9. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ Noun āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž Pronoun Conjunction āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° Case āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— He and I are happy. He or I am to blame.
Rule 10. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ Verb, Conjunction āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° Mood āĻ Tense āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž— He reads and writes well. Strike but hear me.
Rule 11. āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ Adverb āĻ Conjunction āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ Adverb āĻŦāĻž Conjunction āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ :—
Either...or :— Either you or I must go there.
Neither...nor :— Neither he nor I am in fault.
Though...yet :— Though he is poor, yet he is honest.
Whether...or :—Whether he will accept this or not, I cannot tell.
As...as :— He is as good as you.
As...so :— As is the tree, so is the fruit.
So...as :— He is not so wise as his brother.
So... that :— I am so weak that I cannot walk.
Both...and :— He is both wise and honest.
Not only...but also :— He is not only rich but also honest.
No sooner...than :— No sooner did he come, than all the boys fled.
Scarcely before :— He had scarcely gone there when he was greeted by all.
Hardly when :— He had hardly gone there before he was greeted by all.
Rule 12. āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ word āĻ phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ Preposition āĻŦāĻ¸ā§|
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨— He is accused of theft. I am angry with you.