SYNTAX | āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻ āύ | Discussion | Bangla | Example | āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻš āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž
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Syntax
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SYNTAX
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻ āύ
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻ āύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖāĻāϤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāϞ āϏāĻŋāύāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϏāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻļ āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻŋāύāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϏ āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āϏāĻŋāύāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϏ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻā§āύ Sentence āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāϏ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§; āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻšāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāϏāĻŽāώā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ Sentence āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤ The sun rises in the east. He is a good boy. āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāϏāĻŽā§āĻš āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻā§āĻ Syntax āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻž Sentence-āĻ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϤāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Nominative (āĻāϰā§āϤāĻž) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Finite Verb(āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž :— He ran. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠He, Nominative āĻāĻŦāĻ ran, Finite verb.
Rule 1. āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤāĻ Sentence-āĻ Nominative-āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ Verb-āĻāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Transitive(āϏāĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻ) āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻ verb - āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ Object(āĻāϰā§āĻŽ) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ :— He slept. He loves me.
āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Nominative āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ—
(i) Sentence(āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ)-āĻāĻŋ āϝāĻāύ Interrogative āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§āϧāĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ verb (āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž) āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ nominative (āĻāϰā§āϤāĻž) āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— Will you do this ?
āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Nominative-āĻāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Interrogative Pronoun (āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϏā§āĻāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ) āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§āĻ Nominative āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— Who is there?
(ii) Sentence-āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻāϤ verb-āĻāϰ Imperative Mood āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧠Nominative-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— Go and tell him this.
(iii) Verb-āĻāĻŋāϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Subjunctive Mood āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻāϝā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Sentence-āĻāϰ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ ‘if’ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Nominative āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ :- Had I been there.
(iv) āϝāĻāύ Sentence āĻāĻŋ There, Here āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻāύāĻ verb - āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Nominative āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ :- There is a man at the gate.
(v) āϝāĻāύ ‘Neither’ āĻŦāĻž ‘Nor’-āĻāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ ‘āύāĻž’ (and not) āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻ āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž verb āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻāύāĻ verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Nominative āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ- Nor was I satisfied.
(vi) Emphasis (āĻā§āϰ) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Nominative āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— So furious was the man .
Rule 2. Nominative-āĻāϰ āϝ⧠Number āĻ āϝ⧠Person, āϤāĻžāϰ verb -āĻāϰāĻ āϏā§āĻ Number āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻ Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ- He reads. We read.
Rule 3. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ Singular Nominative āϝāĻĻāĻŋ And āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝā§āĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϏā§āĻ āĻāύā§āϝ āϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ Verb āĻ Pronoun-āĻāϰ Plural number āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ- Ram and Hari are good boys, for they obey their parents.
‘The Magistrate and the Collector are here' āĻŦāϞāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āϝā§, āĻĻā§āĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻ āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāϞā§āĻā§āĻāϰ, āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻā§āύāĨ¤
āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠‘The Magistrate and Collector is here' āĻŦāϞāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āϝā§, Magistrate āĻ Collector āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ Magistrate āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ Collector.
Rule 4. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ Singular Nominative ‘Or’ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž ‘Nor’ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ Verb-āĻāĻŋ singular āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ- Ram or Har is wrong.
Note- Nominative āĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ Person āĻšāĻāϞ⧠Verb-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āϝ⧠Nominative āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāϰāĻ Person āĻ
āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠Verb-āĻāϰ Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ- You or I am active.
Rule 5. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Nominative-āĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ Number āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž āĻšāĻāϞ⧠Verb- āĻāϰ Plural number āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ Plural Nominative āĻāĻŋ Verb - āĻāϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— Neither property nor riches were injurious to him.
Rule 6. Noun-āĻāϰ āϝ⧠Number, Gender āĻ Person āĻšāĻŦā§, āϏā§āĻ Noun- āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϝ⧠Pronoun āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāϰāĻ āϏā§āĻ Number, Gender is Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— Ram has lost his books. Every tree is known by its fruit. .
Rule 7. ‘To be' Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§āĻ āϝ⧠Case (āĻāĻžāϰāĻ) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āϏā§āĻ Case āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— I am he; I took Hari to be him.
Rule 8. Transitive Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Objective Case (āĻāϰā§āĻŽ āĻāĻžāϰāĻ) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— I love him. He loves me. He wishes to learn.
Note— āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠Objective, Transitive verb āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏ⧠:—
(i) āϝāĻāύ Objective āĻāĻŋ Relative āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻŋāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž Interrogative Pronoun āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϏā§āĻāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— This is the book which I lost. Whom do you seek?
(ii) Emphasis (āĻā§āϰ) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ Objective, Verb-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ— Money you shall have.
Rule 9. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ Noun āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž Pronoun Conjunction āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ Case āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— He and I are happy. He or I am to blame.
Rule 10. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ Verb, Conjunction āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ Mood āĻ Tense āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— He reads and writes well. Strike but hear me.
Rule 11. āĻāϤāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ Adverb āĻ Conjunction āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻŋāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ Adverb āĻŦāĻž Conjunction āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ :—
Either...or :— Either you or I must go there.
Neither...nor :— Neither he nor I am in fault.
Though...yet :— Though he is poor, yet he is honest.
Whether...or :—Whether he will accept this or not, I cannot tell.
As...as :— He is as good as you.
As...so :— As is the tree, so is the fruit.
So...as :— He is not so wise as his brother.
So... that :— I am so weak that I cannot walk.
Both...and :— He is both wise and honest.
Not only...but also :— He is not only rich but also honest.
No sooner...than :— No sooner did he come, than all the boys fled.
Scarcely before :— He had scarcely gone there when he was greeted by all.
Hardly when :— He had hardly gone there before he was greeted by all.
Rule 12. āĻāϤāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ word āĻ phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ Preposition āĻŦāϏā§|
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— He is accused of theft. I am angry with you.
SYNTAX | āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻ āύ | Discussion | Bangla | Example | āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻš āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž
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Syntax
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SYNTAX
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻ āύ
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻ āύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖāĻāϤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāϞ āϏāĻŋāύāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϏāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻļ āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻŋāύāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϏ āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āϏāĻŋāύāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϏ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻā§āύ Sentence āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāϏ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§; āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻšāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāϏāĻŽāώā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ Sentence āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤ The sun rises in the east. He is a good boy. āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāϏāĻŽā§āĻš āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻā§āĻ Syntax āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻž Sentence-āĻ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϤāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Nominative (āĻāϰā§āϤāĻž) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Finite Verb(āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž :— He ran. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠He, Nominative āĻāĻŦāĻ ran, Finite verb.
Rule 1. āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤāĻ Sentence-āĻ Nominative-āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ Verb-āĻāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Transitive(āϏāĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻ) āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻ verb - āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ Object(āĻāϰā§āĻŽ) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ :— He slept. He loves me.
āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Nominative āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ—
(i) Sentence(āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ)-āĻāĻŋ āϝāĻāύ Interrogative āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§āϧāĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ verb (āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž) āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ nominative (āĻāϰā§āϤāĻž) āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— Will you do this ?
āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Nominative-āĻāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Interrogative Pronoun (āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϏā§āĻāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ) āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§āĻ Nominative āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— Who is there?
(ii) Sentence-āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻāϤ verb-āĻāϰ Imperative Mood āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧠Nominative-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— Go and tell him this.
(iii) Verb-āĻāĻŋāϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Subjunctive Mood āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻāϝā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Sentence-āĻāϰ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ ‘if’ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Nominative āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ :- Had I been there.
(iv) āϝāĻāύ Sentence āĻāĻŋ There, Here āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻāύāĻ verb - āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Nominative āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ :- There is a man at the gate.
(v) āϝāĻāύ ‘Neither’ āĻŦāĻž ‘Nor’-āĻāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ ‘āύāĻž’ (and not) āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻ āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž verb āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻāύāĻ verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Nominative āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ- Nor was I satisfied.
(vi) Emphasis (āĻā§āϰ) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Nominative āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— So furious was the man .
Rule 2. Nominative-āĻāϰ āϝ⧠Number āĻ āϝ⧠Person, āϤāĻžāϰ verb -āĻāϰāĻ āϏā§āĻ Number āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻ Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ- He reads. We read.
Rule 3. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ Singular Nominative āϝāĻĻāĻŋ And āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝā§āĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϏā§āĻ āĻāύā§āϝ āϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ Verb āĻ Pronoun-āĻāϰ Plural number āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ- Ram and Hari are good boys, for they obey their parents.
‘The Magistrate and the Collector are here' āĻŦāϞāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āϝā§, āĻĻā§āĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻ āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāϞā§āĻā§āĻāϰ, āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻā§āύāĨ¤
āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠‘The Magistrate and Collector is here' āĻŦāϞāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āϝā§, Magistrate āĻ Collector āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ Magistrate āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ Collector.
Rule 4. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ Singular Nominative ‘Or’ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž ‘Nor’ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ Verb-āĻāĻŋ singular āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ- Ram or Har is wrong.
Note- Nominative āĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ Person āĻšāĻāϞ⧠Verb-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āϝ⧠Nominative āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāϰāĻ Person āĻ
āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠Verb-āĻāϰ Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ- You or I am active.
Rule 5. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Nominative-āĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ Number āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž āĻšāĻāϞ⧠Verb- āĻāϰ Plural number āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ Plural Nominative āĻāĻŋ Verb - āĻāϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— Neither property nor riches were injurious to him.
Rule 6. Noun-āĻāϰ āϝ⧠Number, Gender āĻ Person āĻšāĻŦā§, āϏā§āĻ Noun- āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϝ⧠Pronoun āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāϰāĻ āϏā§āĻ Number, Gender is Person āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— Ram has lost his books. Every tree is known by its fruit. .
Rule 7. ‘To be' Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§āĻ āϝ⧠Case (āĻāĻžāϰāĻ) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āϏā§āĻ Case āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— I am he; I took Hari to be him.
Rule 8. Transitive Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Objective Case (āĻāϰā§āĻŽ āĻāĻžāϰāĻ) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— I love him. He loves me. He wishes to learn.
Note— āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠Objective, Transitive verb āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏ⧠:—
(i) āϝāĻāύ Objective āĻāĻŋ Relative āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻŋāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž Interrogative Pronoun āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϏā§āĻāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— This is the book which I lost. Whom do you seek?
(ii) Emphasis (āĻā§āϰ) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ Objective, Verb-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ— Money you shall have.
Rule 9. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ Noun āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž Pronoun Conjunction āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ Case āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— He and I are happy. He or I am to blame.
Rule 10. āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ Verb, Conjunction āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ Mood āĻ Tense āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻž— He reads and writes well. Strike but hear me.
Rule 11. āĻāϤāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ Adverb āĻ Conjunction āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻŋāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ Adverb āĻŦāĻž Conjunction āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ :—
Either...or :— Either you or I must go there.
Neither...nor :— Neither he nor I am in fault.
Though...yet :— Though he is poor, yet he is honest.
Whether...or :—Whether he will accept this or not, I cannot tell.
As...as :— He is as good as you.
As...so :— As is the tree, so is the fruit.
So...as :— He is not so wise as his brother.
So... that :— I am so weak that I cannot walk.
Both...and :— He is both wise and honest.
Not only...but also :— He is not only rich but also honest.
No sooner...than :— No sooner did he come, than all the boys fled.
Scarcely before :— He had scarcely gone there when he was greeted by all.
Hardly when :— He had hardly gone there before he was greeted by all.
Rule 12. āĻāϤāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ word āĻ phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ Preposition āĻŦāϏā§|
āϝā§āĻŽāύ— He is accused of theft. I am angry with you.